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Types of Aquifers

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  Depending on the presence or absence of water table, an aquifer can either be classified as confined or unconfined. A special kind of aquifer known as leaky aquifer represents a combination of the two. A perched aquifer occurs where a groundwater body is separated from the main groundwater body by an impermeable layer of a limited extent. Unconfined aquifers These are aquifers whose upper surface of saturation zone is under the influence of the atmospheric pressure. The lower boundary is usually defined by a less permeable or impermeable layer. They are also known as  water table aquifers, free aquifers or phreatic aquifers .  Confined aquifers They are characterized by complete saturation, with the upper and lower layers being impermeable. They are not under direct influence of the atmospheric pressure since they are separated from the atmosphere by an impermeable stratum. Water in this aquifer imparts an upward hydrostatic pressure on the upper confining layer. Borewe...
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Groundwater Exploration Techniques

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Groundwater Exploration Groundwater conditions at a particular location can be described through its distribution of permeable layers: Such as sand, fractured rocks, and gravel, and impermeable layers, which are zones of low permeability such as clay, till, and solid rock. Image: Courtesy A contrast between the petrophysical properties of formations will give us a geophysical picture of these subsurface structures. The  mostly used petrophysical properties are: Seismic velocities : They are related to elastic properties & density. They define the speed with which various elastic deformations propagate through the materials.    Electrical conductivity : describes how easily electric current can flow through a medium when subjected to an applied electric field. Dielectric constant : This is a measure of the ability of a material to store electric energy. Electrical conductivity within rocks Within rocks and other materials, there are free electrical charges. When an ele...
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Aquifers and Geologic Media

  Origin of groundwater Total water existing on earth is 13, 84,12,0000 cubic kms, out of which 8,00,0042 cubic kms is groundwater. Apart from this, 61,234 cubic kms is in form of soil moisture. Groundwater and soil moisture together constitute the sub-surface quantity of water. Groundwater mainly comes from three sources. They are,  Meteoric Water ’, which is the main source of groundwater and is received in the form of rain and snow;  Connate Water also known as "sediment water ," is water contained in pores and cavities of sedimentary rocks under seas and lakes. It is the second important source of groundwater.  Connate water is highly mineralized. Connate water is usually found deep down in the lower layers of the zone of saturation;  Magmatic Water  which converts into water after condensation of vapour as a result of volcanic action at the time of entering hot rocks. Apart from it, other sources are those in which groundwater becomes again available o...
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