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Types of Aquifers

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  Depending on the presence or absence of water table, an aquifer can either be classified as confined or unconfined. A special kind of aquifer known as leaky aquifer represents a combination of the two. A perched aquifer occurs where a groundwater body is separated from the main groundwater body by an impermeable layer of a limited extent. Unconfined aquifers These are aquifers whose upper surface of saturation zone is under the influence of the atmospheric pressure. The lower boundary is usually defined by a less permeable or impermeable layer. They are also known as  water table aquifers, free aquifers or phreatic aquifers .  Confined aquifers They are characterized by complete saturation, with the upper and lower layers being impermeable. They are not under direct influence of the atmospheric pressure since they are separated from the atmosphere by an impermeable stratum. Water in this aquifer imparts an upward hydrostatic pressure on the upper confining layer. Borewe...
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Groundwater Occurrence

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Groundwater Occurrence Groundwater accounts for nearly 95 percent of the nation’s fresh water resources. It can stay underground for hundreds of thousands of years, or it c come to the surface and help fill rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and wetlands. Groundwater is stored in the tiny open spaces between rock and sand, soil, and gravel. Groundwater is found in two zones. The unsaturated zone, immediately below the land surface, contains water and air in the open spaces, or pores. The saturated zone, a zone in which all the pores and rock fractures are filled with water, underlies the unsaturated zone. The top of the saturated zone is called the water table.   Hydrological Cycle Hydrology can not be without water and so can never be hydrogeology without water and geology. Hydrologists use the term groundwater to represent water in the zone of saturation. Practically, all groundwater constitutes as a part of the hydrological cycle. However, a little amount of water may enter the cycl...
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Groundwater Exploration Techniques

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Groundwater Exploration Groundwater conditions at a particular location can be described through its distribution of permeable layers: Such as sand, fractured rocks, and gravel, and impermeable layers, which are zones of low permeability such as clay, till, and solid rock. Image: Courtesy A contrast between the petrophysical properties of formations will give us a geophysical picture of these subsurface structures. The  mostly used petrophysical properties are: Seismic velocities : They are related to elastic properties & density. They define the speed with which various elastic deformations propagate through the materials.    Electrical conductivity : describes how easily electric current can flow through a medium when subjected to an applied electric field. Dielectric constant : This is a measure of the ability of a material to store electric energy. Electrical conductivity within rocks Within rocks and other materials, there are free electrical charges. When an ele...
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