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Groundwater System

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Image Credit: Courtesy   As crucial as groundwater is, the resource is vulnerable and hence needs to be protected and managed. Groundwater is poorly understood and managed in many parts of the world despite its pivotal role in the sustenance of ecosystems and the provision of water supply. Understanding groundwater and its linkage with surface water and other members of the ecosystem is paramount to proper management of these resources. Studies have shown that some groundwater resources might have been accumulated eons ago and whereas there is increasing demand as a result of increasing population, chances are that these resources are no longer replenished. A system can be defined as a group of interrelated entities that form a unified whole. Groundwater systems can be defined as a system comprising the sub-surface water, geologic media containing the water, flow boundaries, sources, and sinks. These systems necessitate the storage and flow of groundwater within them. Groundwater syste
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Geologic Boundaries & Structures

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Geologic Structures  The structures found on the Earth make it possible to understand the dynamic nature of the Earth. It helps us know the forces that caused the upwelling and down-warping of the Earth. In a hydrogeological context, geologic boundaries and structures impact how water gets stored or flows within the Earth's surface. The development of these structures is influenced by the variation in the properties of the Earth's crust. Groundwater is usually stored in openings beneath the Earth. The openings can be in igneous, metamorphic or sedimentary environments. In hard rock domains such as igneous and metamorphic environments, geologic boundaries and structures are crucial when one is searching for groundwater resources. The proper siting of a water well in such an area will largely be determined by the correct mapping and location of these structures. Hard Rock Domains A hard rock domain is a geologic environment dominated by consolidated rocks. Such an area has metamo
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Types of Aquifers

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  Depending on the presence or absence of water table, an aquifer can either be classified as confined or unconfined. A special kind of aquifer known as leaky aquifer represents a combination of the two. A perched aquifer occurs where a groundwater body is separated from the main groundwater body by an impermeable layer of a limited extent. Unconfined aquifers These are aquifers whose upper surface of saturation zone is under the influence of the atmospheric pressure. The lower boundary is usually defined by a less permeable or impermeable layer. They are also known as  water table aquifers, free aquifers or phreatic aquifers .  Confined aquifers They are characterized by complete saturation, with the upper and lower layers being impermeable. They are not under direct influence of the atmospheric pressure since they are separated from the atmosphere by an impermeable stratum. Water in this aquifer imparts an upward hydrostatic pressure on the upper confining layer. Borewells tapping th
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